Zn2+-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Plants: Structure and Evolution

Histone deacetylases are ubiquitous and highly conserved enzymes across all kingdoms of life. Plant HDAs regulate gene expression control development stress response, but little is known about their structure biochemistry. Structural biochemical studies have revealed diverse functions in mammals beyond deacetylation histones chromatin remodeling. A revised holistic phylogenetic analysis highlights plant that retain structural characteristics from bacterial origin diverged to fulfill potential family-specific functions. Individual harbor active-site mutations not been identified or bacteria. Zn2+-dependent histone widely distributed archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes. Through other biomolecules, these mammalian expression, microtubule stability, polyamine metabolism. In plants, they play essential roles We provide here a revision deacetylase (HDA) phylogeny translate recent lessons organisms. HDA evolution correlates with gain ductility/disorder, as observed for proteins. also highlight two recently Brassicaceae-specific HDAs, well unprecedented key would affect the catalytic activity individual HDAs. This will contextualize future illuminate research on adaptation. flowering vascular plants distinguished by production seeds within an enclosed ovary. These constitute most abundant group land plants. families monocotyledonous family dicots includes economically important herbaceous Their diversification dated ~100 Mya. non-vascular include liverworts, hornworts, mosses. They belong old lineage ~500 'green algae', paraphyletic green mostly live aquatic environments. ~1200 'evolutionary tree', diagram shows predicted relationships among organisms, genes, Cladograms use lines distinguish between paralogs orthologs during course evolution. blue-green phylum photosynthetic prokaryotes. were involved primary plastids chloroplasts through endosymbiotic events, 2700–1400 dicotyledons, angiosperms embryonic leaves cotyledons. The divergence monocots occurred at 145–230 divergent evolution, accumulation differences closely related populations species leading speciation. term can be applied molecular when proteins derive homologous either paralogs. intrinsically disordered region (IDR) protein does fold into well-defined 3D structure. Ductile regions entirely partially disordered, spanning only few contiguous residues (<10 aa) containing long segments (?30 contiguously residues. Algorithms developed predict likelihood amino acid sequence structured [42.Oldfield C.J. Dunker A.K. Intrinsically regions.Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2014; 83: 553-584Crossref PubMed Scopus (514) Google Scholar, 43.Yruela I. Contreras-Moreira B. Protein disorder plants: view chloroplast.BMC Biol. 2012; 12: 165Crossref (20) 44.Perrella G. et al.The bistone complex 1 Arabidopsis has capacity interact multiple including 3-binding variants.Plant Physiol. 2016; 171: 62-70Crossref (16) Scholar]. hydrolase eukaryotes cleave post-translational acyl modifications ?-amino groups lysine proteome. clade constitutes whose 400–425 monocotyledons, principally grasses, contain single leaf cotyledon. crops. organisms common ancestor, which individual, species, population. copies genes result speciation species. ancestral dicots. descended side history organism. ancestor its descendants. computational methods infer evolutionary organism proteins, organs. Gramineae, large grass flowers spikelets grouped panicles spikes. underwent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event ~60 disorder, flexibility protein.